Relative Shock Effects in Mixed Powders of Calcite, Gypsum, and Quartz: a Calibration Scheme from Shock

Introduction: The shock behavior of calcite and gyp-sum is important in understanding the Cretaceous/Tertiary event and other terrestrial impacts that contain evaporite sediments in their targets. Most interest focuses on issues of devolatilization to quantify the production of CO 2 or SO 2 to better understand their role in generating a temporary atmosphere and its effects on climate and biota [e.g., papers in 1,2,3,4]. Devolatilization of carbonate is also important because the dispersion and fragmentation of ejecta is strongly controlled by the expansion of large volumes of gas during the impact process as well [5,6]. Shock recovery experiments for calcite yield seemingly conflicting results: early experimental devolatilization studies [7,8,9] suggested that calcite was substantially outgassed at 30 GPa (> 50%). However, the recent petrographic work of [10,11,12] presented evidence that essentially intact calcite is recovered from 60 GPa experiments. [13] reported results of shock experiments on anhydrite, gypsum, and mixtures of those phases with silica. Their observations indicate little or no devolatilization of anhydrite shocked to 42 GPa and that the fraction of sulfur, by mass, that degassed is ~10-2 of theoretical prediction. In another (preliminary) report of shock experiments on calcite, anhydrite, and gypsum, [14] observe calcite recrystallization when shock loaded at 61 GPa, only intensive plastic deformation in anhydrite shock loaded at 63 GPa, and gypsum converted to anhydrite when shock loaded at 56 GPa. [15] shock loaded anhydrite and quartz to a peak pressure of 60 GPa. All of the quartz grains were transformed to glass and the platy anhydrite grains were completely pseudomorphed by small crystallized anhydrite grains. However, no evidence of interaction between the two phases could be observed and they suggest that recrystalliza-tion of anhydrite grains is the result of a solid state transformation. [16] reanalyzed the calcite and anhydrite shock wave experiments of [17] using improved equations of state of porous materials and vaporized products. They determined the pressures for incipient and complete vaporization to be 32.5 and 122 GPa for anhydrite and 17.8 and 54.1 GPa for calcite, respectively, a factor of 2 to 3 lower than reported earlier by [17]. In contrast to work on shocked carbonates, effects in naturally occurring shock metamorphosed quartz are well documented and they have been generally duplicated in shock recovery experiments [18,19 and references therein]. Because a variety of shock metamorphic effects, occurring over a range of shock pressures, have been well documented in quartz …